The Effects of Sociocultural Factors on Individuals Essay

Swami Nirmalananda, a disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna, once said â€Å"Our modern society is engaged in polishing and decorating the cage in which man is kept imprisoned.† Society is seen as a cage by many because the cultural beliefs that make up the society are what guide the actions and behaviors of those people within. Sometimes the culture in societies result in helping people develop successfully and positively, but this is not always the case. For instance, societies that were challenged by racism during the mid-twentieth century were marked by rage and were the causes of some troublesome lives. In two short stories set during the mid-twentieth century, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† by James Baldwin and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man,† by†¦show more content†¦While Sonny’s father was alive, Sonny would often fight with him, and after fighting â€Å"Sonny just moves back, inside himself, where he can’t be reached† (42). Also, after Sonny’s mother passed away, it was only Sonny and his brother; however, the two were separated for a long period of time. Having support or being cared for by family members is invaluable, but Sonny did not have this and it ultimately resulted in one of the reasons for his troubled life. In Richard Wright’s short story â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† the main character, Dave Saunders, also faces a problem which can be similarly traced to sociocultural factors. While shooting his gun for the first time Dave accidentally shoots his boss’, Mr. Hawkins, mule, and the mule dies. The only reason Dave purchased a gun in the first place was to prove to the others in society, specifically those who worked alongside him at Mr. Hawkins’ plantation, that he was not a boy anymore, but rather a man. While working on Mr. Hawkins’ plantation Dave is often humiliated by the older workers because they think â€Å"[he] ain’t nothi ng but a boy (878). Also, the narrator states near the end of the story that a group of people that has gathered around the dead mule on the plantation laughs at Dave as he is walking away with tear-filled eyes (886). Once again this emphasizes that he receives no respect from the others. Mr. Hawkins’ plantation is similar to the social environment in Harlem described in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. BothShow MoreRelatedSuicide : Biological, Psychological, And Sociocultural Factors1561 Words   |  7 PagesSuicide: Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Suicide is the act of taking one’s own life willingly. Suicide is a growing epidemic in America and many other countries, especially amoung adults and teenagers. Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. 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International Business-Argentina Suites Essay - 1619 Words

International Management Case Analysis: Argentina Suites What are some of the major problems facing Argentina Suites? Argentina Suites faced many problems from the beginning idea to convert a 75,000-square foot building into a hotel. The owner, Abraham Sinclair decided to enter the hotel business with no market research, no hospitality experience, and rough financial projections. The decision to enter a market without knowing what ones getting into, led to major problems facing Argentina Suites. Some major problems include inefficiency, lack of technology, threat of new entrants, unethical behavior and transferring of information. Max, a person very familiar with Argentina Suites took responsibility to manage the hotel and to†¦show more content†¦This means that major decisions were made only and communicated to one person rather than combining everyone’s ideas for final decisions. When Max held meetings with the department heads within the hotel, the situation became clear that information was not easily obtainable and in some cases no information was found. In a push to renovate the hotel, management estimated almost $500,000 in cost that was needed for the change. This sum had neither been tallied nor were changes prioritized. Separate projects like this can add up, and without communication throughout management to discuss a plan the hotel can become easily unorganized, which can make it real hard for the hotel to keep track of money spent. Identify cultural and social institutional factors explaining these challenges and the current business environment at Argentina Suites. Cultural and social institutional factors start off with Abraham and his belief to hire family within the company. Even before the hotel was finished Abraham had to face a challenge with his family. He hired his Nephew Marcelo as an architect to oversee construction. 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Analysis on Imagery free essay sample

The use of imagery is one of the most commonly used techniques in poetry. Poets create an image in one’s mind through descriptive language, similes, and rhythm. Their words flow off the page to appeal to our senses. Those who have perfected this art let us see exactly what they see in their minds. William Carol Williams, David Solway, and Amy Lowell’s poems are perfect examples of imagery. William Carol Williams wrote poems about everyday scenes, but with his own twist on the language or structure. His â€Å"Poem† is a simple one about a cat moving around the house. His poem proves that imagery doesn’t need to be complex, and it doesn’t need to be about something awe-inspiring. While Williams uses lightly descriptive adjectives, he uses another simple technique to give us an image; he breaks the lines and sentences down and changes the shape of the poem to create rhythm: As the cat climbed over the top of the jam closet first the right forefoot (lines 1-6) Williams wants you to focus on seeing one image at a time, and explains to you what to do with each image as he moves the cat in a specific direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Imagery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He allows us to move with the cat, pausing with it, and continuing with it. David Solway is famous for his unique use of words. In â€Å"Windsurfing,† Solway has perfected the use of descriptive imagery. Each stanza alternates between what he wants us to see and what he wants us to feel. Solway creates a specific image in our minds of a single moment, and then lets us feel the moment as if we are there with him: Back it comes through a screen of particles, scalloped out of water, shimmer and reflection, the wind snapping and lashing it homeward, (lines 33-37) Another technique Solway uses here is his shape of the poem. The first line of each stanza begins spaced over a bit, for me almost as if the wind has pushed it that far and then he is able to reel it back in as the surfer might bring back his sail. The well known Amy Lowell is renowned for her erotic and sensory imagery. This last poem titled â€Å"The Pond† by Lowell is a short and sweet use of descriptive imagery. She appeals to both sight, touch, and sound. Cold, wet leaves Floating on moss-colored water, And the croaking of frogs— Cracked bell-notes in the twilight. (lines 1-4) I can feel those cold and wet leaves as she describes them. I see them floating at night in a dark brownish-green pond. I can hear the deep croaking of the frogs, ribbit-ing rhythmically like bells. I have not been very good at using descriptive language or imagery in my poems. I could model my poems after these examples to help make mine more complex and concentrated. Using techniques like Lowell’s appeal to the senses will engage a reader in my poems. These authors use imagery in every line and make it look easy. I think that the style comes with practice over time, but modeling my poems after theirs will help me create my own style of descriptive language. Almost every single poem you will read uses images as a descriptive tool to inform the reader of the exact moment in time the author is trying to convey to the reader. Williams, Solway, and Lowell’s poems are perfect examples of this. The use of imagery appeals to the reader’s senses to set them in a specific scene. A poet could choose from meter, rhyme, repetition, shape, and/or irony to create their own style of poem. Every line of every poem uses some form of imagery, so it is very important to understand and be able to use the technique.

Urban Life Essay Example

Urban Life Essay Unpublished Research Report on Urban life and use of Public Space: Study of responsive public open spaces for supporting urban life in Dhaka City by Dr. Farida Nilufar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, BUET [emailprotected] com Research Funded by: Jahanara Majid and Mahbub Alam Research Grant of Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Title of research For Urban Life, specially Dhaka City: Its Past, Present, and Future, September 1999 December 1999 (extn. July 2000) Submitted to The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 5 Nimtali, Old Secretariate Road, Dhaka. Submitted on July 2000. Abstract The urban population of Dhaka suffers from lack of proper urban facilities. The Public open spaces are needed for different functional and leisure activities of the urban dwellers. In spite of growing densification, a number of open spaces are scattered in the city. Such areas often found to be misused by anti-social occurrences, thereby resulting into dehumanized areas. Moreover, the existing open spaces are frequently threatened by encroachment. The role of public open spaces, both at community and city level, is important to improve the social ties and social control for future generations. Therefore, it seems that the open spaces need to be more effective for public interaction. Now it is imperative to know what type of spaces still exist and also to study the nature and quality of use of public open spaces by the urbanity at present in order to retain and to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. The present investigation has found that the existing stock of open space in not enough to sustain the need of urbanity in Dhaka. The open spaces mostly exist in the form of Urban Parks, Urban Recreational Areas and Urban Development Open Spaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The utilization of the existing large open spaces, i. e. the urban parks, is overwhelming; and their impact on urban life appears to be enormous. These urban parks serve as recreational ground for the middle-income urbanity. The upper income people use those areas for their personal care; and the poor comes to earn by serving others. Besides, the Urban Recreational Areas, like small and medium sized parks and playgrounds, are frequently used by the local children and youth. The Urban Development Open Spaces also generate many activities; thereby they are helping to enhance a better urban living condition. It has been recommended that government and local authorities should urgently recognize the value of these resources. The existing open spaces must be protected by the enforcement of Environmental Laws. In order to make the open spaces responsive to the urban need, such spaces need to be well equipped. Besides, regular maintenance and control of these areas is essential to cease the anti-social occurrences and put them in successful use. 1. Introduction Public Open Space and Urban life One of the major component of urban environment is its open spaces. These open spaces may be either public or private property. Indeed the stock of urban open spaces are conserved and maintained by the government in order to serve the public need. A huge stock of open spaces is needed for urban services or utilities [e. g. water reservoirs, graveyards, garbage disposal grounds etc. ]. In addition, open spaces are also essential for the purpose of different public functions and recreational or leisure activities of the urban dwellers. Besides, for circulation purpose linear open spaces are formed as streets and roads. These three categories of open spaces in urban areas are generally designated accordingly as Utility Open Spaces, Green Open Spaces and Corridor Open Spaces. Among these, the utility open spaces are used by the urban population in a passive way. Whereas only the green open spaces and the corridors are actively used by the public. For that, these two types of open spaces are accessible to general public, thereby, termed as the Public Open Spaces in urban areas. A public open space in a city, in difference to a private space, is a place of mutual involvement beyond the immediate family circle. The scale and type of public open spaces is guided by the socio-cultural and climatic conditions of the city concerned. In Dhaka City, the urban dwellers popularly use both the streets and open spaces for different activities. Thus the linear open space of streets, other than their main objective of circulation, also serve many urban activities in our cultures. On the other hand, open spaces are mainly for the purpose of public assembly, like open market, park, plaza, play field, fair ground etc. However, this present research only focuses on the open spaces of Dhaka City, other than its streets and roads. Such open spaces appear to be either at community level for local people or at the metropolitan level for the total urban population of the city itself. In addition to the intended formal and informal public function, public open spaces have great impact on human interaction and social control by citizens sensory involvement and their participation. 1. 1. Need of Public Open Space for the Urbanity in Dhaka Cities, like Dhaka, in the developing countries are mostly built-up areas due to the pressure of rapid urbanization. Here the roads are crowded with vehicles and air is laden with lead, smoke etc. Within the junk of concrete and polluted environment the green open areas are very essential inside the city for its environmental and ecological balance. Other than this passive need, one of the primary need of open spaces in urban life is for recreational purposes during the leisure time. The importance of recreation in peoples physical, intellectual and emotional development is now undisputed. It has been reported repeatedly that one of the major reason for crime in Dhaka city is the lack of proper and adequate recreational facilities [Siddique, 1991: 315]. Indeed, recreational facilities and open spaces, which are accessible to the general public, provide an integral and necessary part of urban living, particularly in areas of high density. In our cultural and climatic context, we have the tradition to perform many leisure activities in out door spaces in urban life. Such leisure activities are Travel like walking or wandering; Personal Care and Exercise like sports, active play; Sleeping for relaxation; Eating during picnic or dining out; Social and Institutional Activities like meeting, talking, parties etc. ; and Cultural and Communication Activities like hobbies, passive play etc. For passive recreation open spaces like parks and gardens and for active recreation play fields/grounds, stadiums, open-air theater etc. are essential within a city boundary. Moreover, some functional uses like Chawk or open market, congregational fields orEidgah, political meeting places etc. have been traditionally occupying the urban open spaces in our context. In the historical city of Dhaka, commonly called Old Dhaka, large scale public gathering space was limited to a number of chawks, rather the whole city had small scale and intimate public open spaces in the mahallas. Traditionally such informal public open spaces, like street corners, court yards etc. , helped to generate local social activities and ensured social control. Similar informal and intimate open spaces are rare in new Dhaka in spite of its organic morphological character and spontaneous development. Only a few spaces are kept open in planned residential areas which are also being swallowed day by day. The scarcity of required open spaces, both in public and private realm, has restricted and changed our lifestyles to a great extent. The urbanity in Dhaka rarely gets the scope to use the urban open spaces for their recreational need. People at present are more home bound, thereby, has changed into a more individuated, self-centered, and mechanical society in turn [Nilufar, 1997]. However, in spite of growing densification of built-up areas in newer parts of Dhaka, a number of medium and large scale open spaces are scattered in the city. Such areas often found to be misused by anti-social occurrences, thereby resulting into dehumanized areas. It is believed that role of urban public spaces, both at community and metropolitan level, is important to improve the social ties and social control for future generations. The present survey reveals that the precious open spaces of Dhaka are highly used and there also remains a great demand of more open spaces in our urban life. Therefore, it seems that in a dense city like Dhaka the existing open spaces need to be more effective for public interaction; besides, more open spaces need to be created according to public need. Therefore, now it is imperative to know what type of spaces still exist and also to study the nature and quality of use of public open spaces by the urbanity at present in order to retain and/or to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. . 2. Objective of the Research This research mainly focuses on two integrated issues Urban life and use of public open space. The main purpose is therefore, to study of the existing open spaces and their use, in order to assess the use of public open spaces by the urbanity in Dhaka. From the present investigation, this report aims to set criter ion for the responsive public open spaces for supporting urban life in Dhaka city. The objectives of the research are, therefore, as follow, i. To locate and identify the pubic open spaces existing in Dhaka city, mostly those are under the government agencies; ii. Study the use of public open spaces at present in order to determine the impact of those spaces on the urban life in Dhaka; iii. To identify the potential pubic open spaces in the city to generate urban activities; and also to formulate some suggestions in order to retain and/or to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. 1. 3. Scope of the Research This present issue of Urban life and use of public open space in Dhaka city essentially incorporates different disciplinary actions like that of urban designers, planners, architects, landscape architects, sociologists, anthropologists etc. However, this report mainly confines the research inquiry within the limit of physical investigation of public open spaces and their social use. Considering the resource constrains, this present work mainly focuses on the intermediate and large scale urban spaces in the city context. In doing so, a sample of five open spaces have been selected to investigate their use by the urban dwellers. From the findings of the inquiry, it mainly attempts to outline the present situation of the public open spaces in Dhaka. It also tries to identify potential spaces to be retained and/or generated within Dhaka city which would be responsive to the future need of the urban population. Some suggestions are also incorporated at the end to improve the quality and quantity of open spaces considering the need of urban life. Further research might lead from this primary investigation in order to suggest the criterion to improve the quality of public open spaces to make them responsive and sustainable for the future urban life. 1. 3. Research Methodology In order to attain the mentioned objectives, the research has undertaken a reconnaissance survey; a number of observations; interviews with the concern authorities; and a questionnaire survey on the users. The reconnaissance survey was undertaken in Dhaka city by field visits, and data was collected from concerned authorities for identification of the existing open spaces in public use. The data has been plotted on the GIS records. A number of observations have been undertaken to characterize the existing public open spaces in terms of nature of space use. It tries to identify the factors of the open spaces itself which influences the use, such as attractiveness, size, location, access, facilities, and management of the area; surrounding land use; and climatic condition etc. In each sample area five independent observations have been undertaken, each of which was for ten minutes covering all the whole area during the peak hours of use. During the observations, the number of the static and moving people has been counted. Besides, the nature of activities, the list of supporting services/facilities, their locations and service pattern has been determined. A questionnaire survey has been undertaken to understand who use the spaces, why and how people use them. [see Appendix A] It also tries to assess the efficiency and nature of social use of the urban public places and determines the future projections. The interviews had been taken on spot; and approximately 2%- 5% of population was covered in large areas and 10% in intermediate areas . It has peaked the respondents by random sampling method. It has been identified the factors influencing the use of the public open spaces: socio-economic [demographic] character of the users, their geographic distribution and the density of surrounding tributary areas. The questionnaire mainly focuses on the followings; -purpose of the users to use/pass the spaces; extent/duration and time of use; social class and type of users; users preferences among different options; rate and extent of social crime in public open spaces; need of supporting services/facilities to generate activity. The results of the survey are presented here through simple descriptive analysis and statements are made of broad conclusions. 2. Dhaka City and its Public Open Spaces The British author James Taylor has stated in his Topography of Dacca, after his visit of 1824, that Dhaka looks like the Venice of the orient. The large open spaces with the lushness of nature surrounding the habitation; the water of the Dulai Khal flowing across the town, and the water boundary by the Shitalakhya and the Buriganga all these natural features made the city beautiful. In spite of that the town itself was congested even then with a few green open spaces inside. During the British period, Dhaka experienced a northward expansion while the peripheral green areas were incorporated within the city boundary. A green kernel was kept open at the center of the town. In doing so, in 1825, a green belt was developed by cleaning the water of Ramna Lake and by huge plantation in the surrounding areas. The Ramna Park was established in that area in 1908. A race-course was established in a vast open space near Ramna. This area was turned into the Sohrawardy Uddayan in 1972 with huge plantation. Besides, there was a large lake, called Motijheel, towards the eastern edge of the town. The areas of the then new Dhaka like Paltan, Ramna, Shantinagar, Malibagh, Kakrile, Tejgaon had thousands of trees. Towards west, Azimpur, Fulbaria, Bakshibazar, and the Dhaka University area were also very green and open. Likewise, a number of ponds and Khals were scattered all over Dhaka. During the 70s the greenery of historic Dhaka were mostly cut off and the water bodies were filled up. Except the Ramna Park and the Sohrawardy Uddayan there is no tress of central green refuge at present. These two precious green areas, which are acting as the lunges of the city, are also being swallowed by different constructions and government projects. Alike other world cities, much of the existing open spaces of Dhaka city has been inherited from a by-gone, that is the more leisured age when population pressures were modest and the land costs were a tiny fraction of what they are today. Dhakas central parks [i. e. Ramna Park, Shishu Park Sohrawardy Uddayan], thus, can be compared to the Hyde Park and Regents Park of London, and Central Park of New York. The inter-linked central parks of Dhaka and the nearby Stadium Complex become increasingly precious legacies with each passing year. Sadly, with Dhakas rapidly growing population, unless they can be replicated, their value will be diminished by over-utilization and these valuable assets permanently impoverished [Dhaka Structure Plan, Vol. -I, 1995: 84]. During 60s western planning standards recommend for 10. 5 acres of land per th ousand of population for recreational purposes [Koppelman Chiara, 1969: 203]. Experts suggested that an ideal city needs to keep its 40%- 50% of land open, or free. In developed countries of the Western World, 70% 80% of land remains open. In these days the standard is revised and it is suggested to keep 25% land of an ideal city as open and green. However, the picture is different in case of Dhaka. Here in old Dhaka only 5% and in new Dhaka 12% of land is green and open. [DMDP, 1995] It has been reported recently that the total amount of open space including its roads, footpaths, parks, play fields, tracts, lakes, ponds etc. in Dhaka is about 17 -18% of city area. [Daily Janakantha, March 05, 2000] At present there is a dearth of open space, particularly Parks and Playgrounds, in Dhaka city. Whatever provisions were made in the original plans of the residential areas like Dhanmondi, Banani, Gulshan, were gradually encroached, either by authorities themselves or by owners of adjacent lands. The same has been the fate of some of the lakes and khals of Dhaka. It is well understood that a comparison with other world cities, of different culture and different climates, appears to be a useless exercise. However, at present the local planning experts recommend for at least one acre of parks and open spaces per thousand population for Bangladeshi cities [KDA Structure Plan, Working Paper No. , 1999: 8]. If such a standard is to be applicable in case Dhaka, the city needed a stock of approximately 6 sq. miles [i. e. 3900 acres which is 11% of land area within its total 54. 5 sq. miles area] of area only for recreational purposes. However, Dhaka Structure Plan urges to have 20% of open spaces in Dhaka for its future generation [DMDP, 1995]. The population is increasing everyday, t herefore, the need is also escalating. At present it is imperative to identify the requirement and the potential open spaces for the future generation. 2. 1. Potential Open Spaces in Dhaka City The stock of open spaces in a city is important for the present and future of its urban life. To have a right picture of the present use and also to prepare future proposals it seems essential to have the facts and figures regarding the existing stock of open spaces. However, with multiplicity of controlling agencies, such figures are not readily available for Dhaka. Traditionally, the maintenance and control of open spaces of Dhaka have been shared by the authority of Public Works Department and RAJUK [previous DIT]. Being influenced by a political decision, at present, most of the open spaces and parks in local areas are handed over to the Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] authority as they collect tax from the citizens. The Arbory Culture Department of PWD only takes care of the large green areas of Dhaka. Beside these, other governmental agencies are responsible for their respective open areas like Zoo, Stadiums, Botanical Gardens etc. ; and several open spaces are under the authority of different institutions. As a result, in absence of any central control or legal binding such figures rarely determined and reported for Dhaka City. Although PWD has a list of their open spaces; it has been found that Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] has no complete list of the open spaces under their authority. Besides, the stock of open spaces under other agencies and different institutions still remains uncovered. DMDP Structure Plan claims that at the city or metropolitan scale, Dhaka has a fair representation of recreational open spaces, both for active and passive recreation, though arguably not enough. [Dhaka Structure Plan, Vol. -I, 84: 1995] At present it seems imperative to identify and quantify the available stock of open spaces in Dhaka city. However, such an endeavor needs immense resources. Within the given limitation, this present research tries to identify the potential open under different government agencies like DCC, PWD etc. within the city boundary. Data has been collected from the Zonal offices of DCC . In this way a list of open spaces has been prepared and the areas have been identified in Dhaka city map. [see attached Map] However, the attached list does not include the right-of-way, landing space, road-side island, median, round-about etc. The stock of public open spaces under DCC control is approximately 190 acres and under PWD is 302 acres. This two authority cover 0. 768 sq. miles of area, which is only 1. 4% of Dhakas land. However, many other authorities have vast areas, which also contribute to public use. The following list delineates the information collected as part of this investigation. List of Parks and Open Spaces Under Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] Zone -01 Area 1. Dhupkhola Field 9. 18 acres [includes Childrens Park, Field for East-End Club and Jagannath College] 2. Sharafatganj Park [in Community Center] 0. 46 acres 3. Jatrabari Crossing Park 1. 33 acres [Partly Swallowed for Market construction] 4. Sayedabad Park 0. 7 acres 5. Shwamibagh Park 0. 7 acres 6. Narindah Park 0. 08 acres 7. Play ground near Jurain Graveyard 2. 2 acres 8. Golapbagh Park and Playground 1. 57 acres Tikatuli Park [Fully swallowed by DCC for Community Center] Other Service Lands [DCC] Matuail Garbage Disposal Area 46 acres Crematorium [Burning Place] 1. 65 acres Zone -02 Area 9. Nabajug Sharircharcha Park 0. 06 acres 10. Bahadurshah Park 1. 98 acres 11. English Road Park 0. 33 acres 12. Sirajoddoula Park [near Nawab Yousuf Market] 0. 5 acres [DCC has planned to build Library, Gymnasium, Health Center] 13. Sikkatuli Children’s Park [Nazira Bazar Park] 0. acres 14. Bangladesh Math [Aga Sadek Road] 2. 64 acres Bangshal Crossing Park and Park towards south of Ananda Bazar [This two park could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -03 Area 15. Gajamahal Chil dren’s Park 0. 86 acres [Near Kasaikhana, Hazaribagh Tannery Area] 16. Hazaribagh Park [Kala Sharder’s Park] 3. 7 acres 17. Nawabganj Park 2 acres [DCC has built here Library Gymnasium ] 18. Rasulbagh Children’s Park 2. 5 acres 19. Bakshi Bazar Children’s Park 0. 43 acres 20. Bashiruddin Park 0. 11 acres 21. Hazi Amil Eidgah Math 3. 67 acres [Azad Office Field-opposite Dhakeshawari Temple] 22. Amligola Bali Math 0. 28 acres 23. Hazi Delwar Hossain Play Field 4. 6 acres 24. Quazi Reazuddin Road Play Field 0. 75 acres 25. Shawshan Ghat Math 0. 1 acres Azimpur Park [swallowed by Wasa Pump Station Library cum Gymnasium] Other Service Lands: [DCC] Azimpur Old Graveyard 45 acres Azimpur New Graveyard 3. 7 acres Zone -04 Area 26. Gulistan Park 10 acres 27. Bangabhaban Triangular Park 0. 18 acres 28. Muktangan Park 0. 51 acres 29. Motijheel Park [near BRTC bldg. , DIT Ave] 0. 38 acres 30. Bashabo Play Field 2. 29 acres 31. Mothertek Play Field 1. 88 acres 32. Play Field near Brothers Union Club 0. 09 acres 33. Play Field of Khilgaon Rehabilitation Zone B 0. 2 acres 34. Park to the East the Biman Office- 35. Motijheel Car Park [Near Uttara Bank Bhaban] Zone -05 Area 36. Shahbagh Children’s Park 37. Osmani Uddayan 10 acres 38. Dhanmondi Road no. 4 Park 0. 8 acres 39. Kalabagan Childrens Park Nursery 4. 2 acres 40. Nayatola Childrens Park/ Moghbazar Park 0. 46 acres [Major area has been swallowed by the construction of Commissioners Office] 41 Dhanmondi Road No 8 Field 4. 3 acres 42. Dhanmondi Lake Side Open Area 15 acres Nimtali Park [Small road side island with play equipment, not shown in Map] Park in front of Veterinary Hospital [Small road side island, not shown in Map] Rayer Bazar Park [This park could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -06 Area 3. Tajmahal Road Childrens Park [C Block] 0. 46 acres 44. Tajmahal Road Park [Eidgah, Play field, Park]1. 6 acres 45. Chaderhat Play Field, Johuri Mohalla, Mohammadpur 0. 86 acres 46. Bijli Mohalla Jannatbag Park 0. 31 acres 47. Khilji Road Childrens Park [PC Culture, Shamoli] 2. 86 acres 48. Iqbal Road Park 1. 43 acres 49. Kawran Bazar Childrens Park 0. 8 acres 50. Iqbal Road Field[Lalmatia New Colony Childrens Park] 1 acre [Partly swallowed for construction] 51. 9. Panth Kunja Park 0. 6 acres 52. 10. Play Field of PC Culture, Shamoli 2. 1 acres 53. 11. Humayun Road Play Filed 1. 52 acres 54. 12. Lalmatia D Block Play Field 1 acre Shahid Park [Park close to Mohammadpur Community Center, Now completely swallowed for Market construction] Shershah Shuri Lane Park Babar Road Park [This two parks could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -07 Area 55. Mirpur Intellectual’s Memorial with Park 11. 6 acres 56. Jahurabad Field , Bisil Mouza [west to the Memor ial] 1. 9 acres 57. Shishu Mela Other Service Lands: [DCC] Mirpur Graveyard Kazipara Graveyard Zone -08 Area -All the open spaces are under Housing and Settlement Directorate. List is attached at later in this report. Other Service Lands: [DCC] Graveyard in Section 13 and 11. Zone -09 Area 58. Gulshan Taltala Park 4. 2 acres 59. Gulshan Park at Road no. 90 7. 3 acres [Includes Wonderland Park, Bonkids Nursery and Play Field] 60. Gulshan Ladies Park5. 7 acres 61. Gulshan Tank Park7. 5 acres 62. Park near Banani Road no. 7 0. 75 acres 63. Park near Banani Road no. 18 0. 6 acres 64. Play ground near Banani Road no. 011. 5 acres 65. Play ground near Banani Road no. 271. 3 acres 66. Park near Banani Road no. 13 0. 67 acres 67. Baridhara Park 2. 14 acres Play Ground in Gulshan Road no. 23 [1 acre, has been sold out to private ownership] Three Parks located in the Map on Gulshan lake side [0. 33 acres, 0. 19 acres, 0. 28 acres of land has been swallowed by private plot owners]; and Park near the Bridge, located in the Map on Banani lake side [Low land never developed] Other Service Lands Banani Graveyard Zone -10Area 68. Uttara Sector 3 Park3. 28 acres 69. Uttara Sector 4 Park3. acres 70. Uttara Sector 6 Park [Triangular]3. 9 acres 71. Uttara Sector 6 Park [Sqaurish]5. 75 acres 72. Uttara Sector 07 Park11. 44 acres 73. Uttara Sector 13 Park6. 16 acres Previous Park of Uttara Sector 01 [Swallowed by DCC for Private Plots] and the Park at Uttara Sector 12 [2. 64 acres] as shown in map is not developed. List of Parks and Open Spaces under the Arbory Culture Dept. of Public Works Department [PWD] PWD Area 1. Sohrawardi Uddayan55 acres 2. Ramna Park [including Nursery]58 acres 3. Majar of Three Leaders [beside Sohrawardi Uddayan]3 acres 4. Central Shahid Minar 3. 5 acres 5. North and South Plaza of National Assembly Building 95 acres [including National Graveyard, Officers housing Lake] 6. Chandrima Uddayan 77 acres 7. Anowara Uddayan 8 acres 8. National Eidgah Field 3 acres [Besides, all the State Guest Houses, the Bangabhaban, the Ganobhaban, The Secretariat complex, International Conference Center, and other public building like Osmani Memorial Hall, National Museum etc. have gardens and open spaces in and around their boundary. These areas are not all the time accessible to public. However, beyond the city limit National Memorial Monument of 108 acres in Savar is also maintained by PWD. Public Open Spaces under the different agencies and institutions: These open spaces are accessible to public. Here the Zones of DCC are referred for convenience, although DCC has no control on the areas. Zone -01 Park near China-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge, R H Department Baldha Garden, Old Dhaka [Ministry of Environment and Forest] Zone -02 Armanitola Play Fiel d [Owner: Salimullah Medical College] Fore Court of Ahsan Manjil Zone -03 Rahmatganj Play Field Azimpur Colony Play Field College of Leather Technology Play Field Islambagh Eidgah Math Three Star Co-operative Society Field [Amligola] Quazi Reazuddin Road Local Play Field Field adjacent to Iraqi Graveyard Lalbagh Fort Zone -04 South Goran Field near Sultan Bhuayan Jami Mosque [PWD, 1. 31 acres] Bangabandhu Stadium, Gulistan [Ministry of Youth and Sports] Zone -05 Abahani Play Field, Dhanmondi [9. 4 acres] Womens Sports Complex Field [5. 2 acres] Dhanmondi Road No. 6 [old] Eidgah Zone -07 National Parade Square, 120 acres [Air Force and Civil Aviation Department] Zone -08 Housing and Settlement Directorate: [Total Area: 5. 71 acres] Parks in Section 13 Block B [i. 0. 675 acres, ii 0. 225 acres, iii. 0. 195 acres] Park in Section 2 Block H [0. 26 acres] Park in Section 12 Block C, between Lane 9 Lane 17 [0. 55 acres] Park in Section 12 Block D, between Lane 12 33 [1 . 12 acres] Park in Section 12 Block C, between Lane 5 6 [0. 34 acres] Park in Section 1 Block F Road 1 [0. 48 acres] Park in Section 1 Block A Road 9 [0. 23 acres] Park in Section 10 Block C Lane 11 [0. 28 acres] Park in Section 10 Block C Lane 4 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block B Lane 17 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block B Lane 8 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 5 [0. 12 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 10 [0. 16 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 7 [0. 6 acres] And others are Mirpur Zoo [Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock] National Stadium, Mirpur [Ministry of Youth and Sports] Botanical Garden, Mirpur [Ministry of Environment and Forest] Zone -09 Play Field of Tejgaon Poly-technique Inst. Monumia Play field near BG Press, Tejgaon Banani Amtoli Park in Mohakhali Area Green Areas of R H Department along Airport Road Golf Club, Kurmitola [Ministry of Defense] Army Stadium, Kurmitola [Ministry of Defense] Besides, a number of O pen Spaces are maintained under different institutions and authorities in Dhaka where use is reserved. Such areas are as follows, BDR Play area and Open space Central Jail [Open space and Parade Ground] Field of Rajarbagh Police Line [State Ministry] Gulshan Shooting Range The Cantonment Board maintains a number of open spaces inside their area. There exist large play grounds with different Schools, Colleges and Universities, such as Fields of different Government Schools like, Azimpur School, Govt. Laboratory School, Dhanmondi Govt. Schools, Banani Biddaya Niketan, Khilgaon Girls High School, Ideal School College, Fakirapul TNT School, and Fields of different colleges like Eden College, Dhaka College, Titumir College, Notredame College etc. Play Fields of Dhaka University [Two nos. ], BUET Play Field. There are also many fields inside different Government Quarters like: Baily Road Colony, Azimpur Colony, Sukrabad Colony etc. 2. 2. Typology of Public Open Spaces in Dhaka City All open spaces are classified for planning purposes according to the nature of the land and the type of open space use. According to western standards, all the open spaces in urban areas falls under four types : i. Utility Open Spaces, ii. Green Open Spaces; iii. Corridor Open Spaces and iv. Multi-use Classification etc. Each of these major types has a number of categories according to functional land use. [Koppelman Chiara, 1975: 42] Among these, the type of Public Open Spaces, which are the concern of this present research, fall under the category of Green Open Spaces. This category of green open spaces is based on open spaces where the natural site or condition lends itself most advantageously to use for recreation, parks, building sites, non-extractive uses, and to shape urban development. The use may be limited or intensive, active or passive, large or small. According to Koppelman Chiara [1975], this type comprises of the following categories of open spaces. However, first two categories of green open spaces can not be located inside cities because they need large scale spaces. Last four categories are essentially located within the cities. Another open space hierarchy was suggested by Greater London Council, GLC [Roberts, 1974: 340]. All the four types of GLC standards fall under the category of Urban Recreational Areas of the former group. The GLC standards are as follows; Urban Recreational Open Spaces None of the western standards are comparable to the case of Dhaka. However, considering the nature of the land and the type of open space use, all the public open spaces within Dhaka City can be ordered under the following four categories. Urban Parks:

Social Identity in Social Psychology

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Nitrogen in Tires Question: What makes nitrogen in tires better than air? I see a lot of tires with the green cap indicating they are filled with nitrogen. Is there any advantage to putting nitrogen in my automobile tires instead of compressed air? How does it work? Answer: There are multiple reasons why nitrogen is preferable to air in automobile tires: better pressure retention leading to increased fuel economy and improved tire lifespancooler running temperatures accompanied by less pressure fluctuation with temperature changeless tendency toward wheel rot To understand why, its helpful to review the composition of air. Air is mostly nitrogen (78%), with 21% oxygen, and smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. The oxygen and water vapor are the molecules that matter. Although you might think oxygen would be a larger molecule than nitrogen because it has a higher mass on the periodic table, elements further along an element period actually have a small atomic radius because of the nature of the electron shell. An oxygen molecule, O2, is smaller than a nitrogen molecule, N2, making it easier for oxygen to migrate through the wall of tires. Tires filled with air deflate more quickly than those filled with pure nitrogen. Is it enough to matter? A 2007 Consumer Reports study compared air-inflated tires and nitrogen-inflated tires to see which lost pressure more quickly and whether the difference was significant. The study compared 31 different automobile models with tires inflated to 30 psi. They followed the tire pressure for a year and found air-filled tires lost an average of 3.5 psi, while nitrogen-filled tires lost an average of 2.2 psi. In other words, air-filled tires leak 1.59 times more quickly than nitrogen-filled tires. The leakage rate varied widely between different brands of tires, so if a manufacturer recommends filling a tire with nitrogen, its best to heed the advice. For example, the BF Goodrich tire in the test lost 7 psi. Tire age also mattered. Presumably, older tires accumulate tiny fractures which make them more leaky with time and wear. Water is another molecule of interest. If you only ever fill up your tires with dry air, the effects of water arent a problem, but not all compressors remove water vapor. Water in tires should not lead to tire rot in modern tires because they are coated with aluminum so they will form aluminum oxide when exposed to water. The oxide layer protects the aluminum from further attack in much the same way chrome protects steel. However, if you are using tires that do not have the coating, water can attack the tire polymer and degrade it. The more common problem (which I have noted in my Corvette, when I have used air rather than nitrogen) is that water vapor leads to pressure fluctuations with temperature. If there is water in your compressed air, it enters the tires. As the tires heat up, the water vaporizes and expands, increasing tire pressure much more significantly than what you see from the expansion of nitrogen and oxygen. As the tire cools, pressure drops appreciably. The changes reduce tire life expectancy and affect fuel economy. Again, the magnitude of the effect likely is influenced by brand of tire, age of tire, and how much water you have in your air. The Bottom Line The important thing is to make sure your tires are kept inflated at the proper pressure. This is much more important than whether the tires are inflated with nitrogen or with air. However, if your tires are expensive or you drive under extreme conditions (i.e., at high speeds or with extreme temperature changes over the course of a trip), its worth it to use nitrogen. If you have low pressure but normally fill with nitrogen, its better to add compressed air than wait until you can get nitrogen, but you may see a difference in the behavior of your tire pressure. If there is water in with the air, any problems will likely be lasting, since theres nowhere for the water to go. Air is fine for most tires and preferable for a vehicle youll take to remote locations, since compressed air is much more readily available than nitrogen.

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Eternity In The Elegy The Seafarer English Literature Essay The elegy usually contains a story, not too often a personal one that expresses the implied authors woeful state of mind. As a formal poetic convention it is used by poets to capture the mood of sadness and sorrow caused by a personal loss or a state of affairs that is outside the reach of the protagonists influence. This is a somewhat simplistic account which understates the subtleties of the development of the elegy but its briefness is intentional for the purpose of this essay we need to note that the elegy as a poetic form is governed by the idea of lamentation. The Anglo-Saxon poem The Seafarer thus falls conveniently in such a description of form. But it is remarkable how the poem initiates its story as a conventional elegy and it subsequently develops into a theological didacticism. The first-person narrative of the seaman lamenting his life at sea gives way to a religious admonition which gives the poem a feeling of incongruity and can lead one to believe that the second par t could have been added at later stages. Although, on close reading the links between the seamans insistence on lifes transience in the first part and his subsequent emphasis on eternity in the second can be made obvious and serve to compound the poem into a structural and thematic whole. The first half of The Seafarers story illustrates the protagonist as a lonely figure dwelling more among arctic creatures than among his fellow kinsmen. He emphasizes his loneliness with a juxtaposition between the realms of men and the ones of nature: At times the swans song I took to myself as pleasure, The Gannets noise and the voice of curlew instead of the laughter of men, The singing gull instead of the drinking of mead. (lines 19b 22) But nature itself is not a pure source of comfort as the above lines may suggest for she throws snow and hail and wind at his vessel and at such times no cheerful kinsman can comfort the poor soul (ll. 25b 26). It is an excursion through a hostile environment which is credited with being close to a peregrination, a journey of physical and spiritual endurance, as the protagonist confesses a path of exile. It should be noted that it is an intentional one. We read of him being physically on land but somewhat sea-restless, with his thoughts and heart still following the sea, desiring the moment when he would set off to meet the homelands of foreign people. The cuckoo warns with a sad voice (line 53) but still the seaman is eager to leave. The idea of the sea journey in the first half of the poem as peregrination, albeit a bit too subtle and only hinted at, is one of the links that provide continuity and coherence with the seemingly incongruent second part of the elegy. The seamans story develops structurally through an intense usage of oppositions. His narrative leaps back and forth from ship to land, sustaining the clash between the loneliness of the sea and the joys of the land. With the development of the poem, the opposition sea-land is given the overtone of a value judgment, bordering with a revelation acquired from the wisdom of seafaring. That one who has been distanced from the land is able to realize the temporariness of his or her life, and the futility of amassing treasures. The worldly preoccupations of the inhabitants on land are equated with futility, aimlessness, devoid of any governing idea whereas the life at sea is the antipode the source of the semi-spiritual revelation. The one on land has the joys of life, dwells in the city, Far from terrible journey, proud and wanton with wine. (lines 27a 29a) and he gives little credit to: how I, weary, often have had to endure in the sea-paths (lines 29b 30b) The juxtaposition between these two verbs is more than stylistical. For it serves to support the overall opposition between land/sea: the inhabitants of land are capable of actually living in an intoxicated conceit while the seafarer has to bear the troubles of his journey. In a metonymic succession, the seaman declares himself heedless to the worldly occupations: Not for him [the seaman] is the sound of the harp, nor the giving of rings nor pleasure in woman, nor worldly glory nor anything at all unless the tossing of the waves, but he always has longing, he who strives on the waves. (lines 44a 47b) In my reading, the striving for the waves is a metaphoric enunciation of the credo of the pilgrim. The sea is the half-spiritual journey that enlightens one into seeing the transience of life on earth. For everything, as the seafarer declares, always and invariably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ will turn into uncertainty and man is, as much he surround him or herself with worldly goods, doomed to die. Earthly prosperity is transitory, life itself is only a short burst of existence and it is futile for one to account for his life with the accumulation of material goods. Up to this moment the elegy is a somewhat traditional one, in that it present the lamentation of a single character over a troublesome state of affairs, in the case of The Seafarer, a semi-spiritual state of affairs. But with a powerful enunciation of his disbelief of the worlds stability: I do not believe that the riches of the world will stand forever. (lines 66b 67b) the protagonist launches into a religious monologue in which he expounds his ideas of how one should live and act after knowing of his temporariness. At this textual moment, the poem perceptibly shifts from a heroic elegy to a didactic-theological one. The core that holds together the poem is the opposition in the first part land/sea now evolved into transient/eternal and the feeling of melancholy. Indeed hotter for me are the joys of the Lord Than this dead life fleeting on the ground (lines 64b 66a) What would then give joy and substance to ones life on earth so that it does merely fleet, or drag itself into death? The seaman passionately states that work, bravery, courage, which eventually inflame the power of his fame, might lead one to a communion with the glory of the angels, joy with the hosts. In a telling parallel, the glory of life in eternity will come when the glory of kingdoms once powerful will set. The second part of The Seafarer is clearly more symbolically construed and the image of the kingdoms, I suspect, stands for the demise in importance of worldly values. So do the implicit pagan references in the image of the burial lined with gold and a mass of treasure for all of those are no longer of value in the eternal. Thus the road to eternity is illustrated as lined not with gold but with a balance in ones life, control of his passions, and wisdom in his relationships all spiritual, metaphysical categories. The poem shows how the transience of life could be counte racted by following a series of semi-commandments (for all their rhetorical might they are still subjective, expressed through the viewpoint of the narrator-protagonist) that would lead into a blessed state of affairs in which ones life is belonging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in the love of the Lord, joy in the heavens (lines 121a 122b). The insecurity of a life on earth, with all its materials transient and mortal, is transformed through a theological didacticism into a security in the eternal. The Seafarer is at first a sight an inconsistent poem with two delineated parts that are somewhat incongruous with each other. But the opposition sea/land which promotes the idea of a solitary, melancholic journey evolves into a metaphysical opposition between transitory/eternal and thus is one of the brinks that bind the poem together. The idea of a pilgrimage in the first part is consistent with the religious overtones of the second and thus unites both of them into a textual unity that serves to promote a vision and philosophy of a life in a world marked by transience. The relation between the lamentation and the obvious didacticism fits loosely within the convention of the elegy but poem is held together by the interplay of recurrent, yet evolving oppositions and by the sincere authority of the protagonist himself. Work cited: 1. The Seafarer

Health vs Happiness Essay

Picture this: you are hungry, busy, and don’t really feel like cooking or cleaning. So you dash to the nearest fast food joint and order a fat, juicy burger with some fries and a soda to wash it down. Once in a while this may be okay, but if you find yourself taking this easy way out more than once a week, there may be consequences. The American Heart Association states that diets high in salt, cholesterol, sugar and fat can take away from other essential nutrient levels. This may lead to heart problems or obesity. Practicing little or no physical activity can lead to further health complications. Is it a waste of time to watch what you eat or how you exercise? Maybe not. Skipping those fast food meals and substituting with a sandwich made at home or packing leftovers for lunch takes no more time than pulling into the drive through. Getting up and walking around your office a few minutes each day is better than sitting at your desk all day. If you do choose tha fast food route, park your car and go inside to order. If you think life is too short to care about what you eat, think again. You may, in fact, be shortening your life by taking shortcuts. If you are a smoker, that makes it much shorter. Some people may feel that they are happier if they can eat what they want when they want it. But is being overweight, fatigued and lazy being happy? For me, it is not. I am not the perfect picture of health, but I do feel that being healthy is being happy. I did not watch what I was eating or how I was taking care of myself until I became pregnant. I started eating healthier, drinking more water, and feeling better. Feeling better physically made me happier. I am no longer pregnant and still plan on keeping the healthy habits I kept while pregnant. Keeping healthy habits also gives one more energy, which in turn may help with exercising. Eating healthy and exercising could reduce stress. Less stress equals more happiness. So does being healthy mean being happy? I say to each his own. If you are happy being obese and having health problems, then so be it. I, for one, am happy being healthy.

Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method

Outline and evaluate the use of one qualitative method in the academic study of sport Denzin and Lincoln (2000a) believe that qualitative research is guided by 3 principles: assumptions, values and beliefs. These work against, alongside or within positivist and post-positivist models. Quantitative research is the use of numerical measurements and analysis that involves measurable ‘quantities’ by Gratton and Jones (2004). Quantitative data is collected through closed questions as it is in place to provide facts.While qualitative data, on the other hand, predominantly uses open styled questions to gain more information through follow up questions, extensive answers and debates. There are many differences between the two paradigms with the researcher being objective, and ‘detached’ from the subject under investigation within quantitative data said by Gratton and Jones (2004). Moreover, qualitative research is rather the opposite, with the researcher being in pl ace to gather more information from the participants in question.In addition to the previous, Morse, Swanson and Kuezel (2001) believe a quantitative research requires the researcher to carefully define variables that may be quantified with numbers. On the other hand, qualitative research is a more holistic perspective rather than a hypothesis confirmation. Berg and Latin (2008) believe qualitative research allows an open-ended and flexible approach to assessment. Within the qualitative paradigm there are several different data collection methods such as open questionnaires, interviews, observation, visual and textual analysis.I will be outlining and evaluating the use of interviews within the academic study of sport; this will be focused mainly on focus groups. Culver (2003) states that interviews are undoubtedly the most common method for collecting qualitative data within the study of sport. Pettigrew (1990) and Pettus (2001) also state ‘interviews offer a depth of informat ion that permits the detailed exploration of particular issues in a way not possible with other forms of data collection’.Within this type of research method there are 4 different types of interviews; structured, semi-structured, unstructured and focus group. Structured interviews are face-to-face (researcher & participant), consist of closed and pre-determined questions in addition to the structure being formal. Semi-structured interviews can be altered so that the participant(s) in question can ether clarify or elaborate on a particular topic/statement. The approach to data collection is flexible, with probes being used to gather additional information.Unstructured interviews have a set theme with the respondent leading the interview. The questions are developed throughout, as they are not pre-determined. These questions are open and flexible. A negative point to this interview structure is that there’s a chance the interview will lack focus. Focus groups lean toward s being semi-structured with a discussion thesis being used within an open environment; focus groups consist of more than one person. John Amis (2005) believes ‘focus groups allow members to challenge each other, develop positions of consensus, and build on each other’s ideas’.In addition to this previous statement, Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can become a negative point if the researcher doesn’t keep the participants on topic, stating that ‘participants may be tempted to provide false data to make an impression upon others in the group’. This can be potentially avoided if you use either a random, or stratified random sample which has a divided population. Furthermore these participants won’t know one another. Within focus groups there is a large quantity of strengths; participants are able to elaborate on the particular subject(s) especially when the researcher uses probes.In conjunction to this Yin (1994) notes that the interviewer ‘provides perceived casual inferences’ from the actor’s, rather than the researcher’s point of view. As a focus group is generally unstructured or semi-structured it enables participants to reveal certain insight into their attitudes and behaviours in addition to important themes and unexpected data to emerge, Gratton and Jones (2010). Focus groups are more flexible as you can also gain visual and vocal information; for example body language, laughter, silence or careful consideration, their tone of voice, or even simply what particular participants are saying.This can lead to the researcher probing as certain participants will be more passionate about certain themes/topics. Moreover you are able to gain a relationship with your participants, which can lead to them being more open and true to the information they give within the group. In conjunction with this, participants are informed that everything discussed is kept confidential, therefore this will relax and ease participants so they’re able to engage fully within the discussions. Interviews require more resources in comparison to questionnaires.This could be in terms of time consumption or travelling, as a consequence resulting samples can be small, Gratton and Jones (2010). Particular participants could take control of the interview therefore becoming dominant; researchers must then put particular probes into practice ensuring other group members get involved to gain a more diverse collection of data. On the other hand, participants could find focus group environments intimidating and/or off-putting; which can lead to the participant(s) in question feeling under pressure to agree with the dominant participant. Evalued[online]) Analysing data can also be difficult in addition to recording the interview. John Amis (2005) states that it is irrespective of the type of interview, that the way data is recorded should be established prior and it is standard proced ure to record the interview on audio tape. The researcher must also ensure that the data gathered is reliable. Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can be represented with the equation; ‘reliability = number of agreements/(number of agreements + disagreements)’.Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players is a research study extension on Holland and colleagues’ (2010) study into required psychological qualities of young talented rugby players, Woodcock et al (2011). Focus groups were completed following Kruger and Casey’s (2000) recommended size of 6 to 8 participants, ensuring that you don’t exceed 10. One group broke this guideline with 2 participants participating within SAS (Sports Administration Staff), which could hinder studied data with the chance of agreement being likely and information being limited.Stewart, Shamdasani, and Rook (2007) warn that fewer than eight participants can lead to a narrow discussion biased toward the views of a few individuals. Focus groups were held in familiar and comforting environments in addition to neutral locations for parents, which was in place to make participants feel more at ease. The focus group was semi-structured with the moderator using probes to gain a more in-depth insight into their views and beliefs. Furthermore the moderator gained a relationship with the participants on entry so that they’d feel comfortable along with this method aiding them to participate within group discussions.Through using focus groups Woodcock et al (2011) founded 5 new subgroups within the 11 higher order themes identified by young players in Holland et al, (2010). These 5 subthemes were: off pitch communication, reflection on their abilities in an objective manner, taking information and reproducing it as a physical action, dealing with injuries as well as attitude towards injuries and that players need to be problem solvers, able to adapt and overcome challenges.Parents and coaches supported development of individuals, not just in their rugby involvement but within other areas of life. Furthermore they discussed interactions that reinforced development within professional and performance environments. SAS highlighted within the study that the under-16 rugby programme was designed specifically to gradually challenge players and foster development of certain psychological qualities Woodcock et al (2011). This focus group helped gain further knowledge and insight within the psychological side of elite adolescent rugby players.Furthermore the ways in which parents, coaches and the SAS develop these players’ psychological in general day to day environments. A large majority of the research gathered corresponds Holland and colleagues (2010) study. Gender perception of Wrestling is a case study in place to gain research on whether or not wrestling is a sport primarily for male athletes. This focus group consist of eight participants from both gend ers (stratified random sample), which was also semi-structured.Sports managers and administrators for wrestling are presented with the opportunity to encourage women to take part. For this to take place sports managers and/or administrators need to understand how women perceive the sport. Pfister, (2010) and Ward, (2010) state that there is a growing number of women participating in sports with some women competing successfully in traditionally masculine sports. Data collected from the focus group was substantial, with views from each gender being different; this therefore made the study stand out more due to its hypothesis.The focus group underlined that they perceived wrestling to be more violent than other sports such as judo and taekwondo as self-defence wasn’t an explicit objective, Leng (2012). Participants also reviewed the physical attributes of a wrestler, as of this they clearly stated wrestling was a sport for athletes who possess more physical attributes. Moreover , participants didn’t regard wrestling as a sport favouring the participation of a particular gender.To conclude this case study qualitative data collected via participants within the focus group were views which outlined gender beliefs. It is clear to see that focus groups are irreplaceable when accumulating qualitative research data within the academic study of sport. Gibbs (1997) states that the purpose of focus group research is to draw upon respondents’ attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions. Focus groups gather a whole source of information that cannot be obtained without debates and different views.When structured correctly the researcher is able to gain rich data that he can then press forward to ether make changes or put different methods in practice. Focus groups are best used when gaining data on something meaningful to the participants and/or collecting data for something that affects a large majority of people. Something else gathered from this is that when the moderator/research gains a relationship with the participant it is easier to gain more in-depth information. Bibliography †¢ Andrews, D. L. , Mason, D.S. and Silk, M. L. (2005) Qualitative Data in Sports Studies. New York: Berg. †¢ Berg, K. E and Latin, R. W. (2008) Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Research (3rd Edition). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. †¢ Gratton, C. and Jones, I. (2004) Research Methods of Sports Studies (1st Edition). London: Routledge. †¢ Gratton, C. and Jones, I (2006) Research Methods of Sports Studies (2nd Edition). Oxon: Routledge. †¢ Woodcock, C. , Holland, M. J. G. , Duda, J. L, and Cumming, J. 2011) Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players: Parents, Coaches, and Sport Administration Staff Perceptions and Supporting Roles. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 411-433. †¢ Leng, H. K. ; Kang, S. Y. ; Lim, C. ; Lit, J. J. ; Suhaimi, N. I. ; Umar, Y. (2012) Only For Males: Gendered Perception of Wrestling. Choregia, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p43. †¢ Gibbs, A. (1997) Social Research Update, Issue 19 [online]. Available: http://sru. soc. surrey. ac. uk/SRU19. html [8th November 2012] †¢ Evalued (2006) Focus Groups [online]. Available: http://www. evalued. bcu. ac. uk/tutorial/4b. htm [ 8th November 2012]

buy custom Hepatitis B essay

buy custom Hepatitis B essay Hepatitis B is a viral disease that affects the liver, originally the disease was known as serum hepatitis. The virus causing this disease is called the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B is an infection that is bloodborne; this means that the virus is present in the blood, as well as body fluids of an infected person (World Health Organization 97). It is transmitted through exposure to fluids of an infected individual; the blood or fluid infected with the Hepatitis B Virus enters the body via an opening or a cut, causing an infection. Conditions that pose risks of hepatitis infection include unsafe use of injections; this has been observed mostly in developing countries; approximately 8-16 million cases of HBV infections are caused by the use of contaminated needles (World Health Organization 97). Another risk is having unprotected sex or intravenous drug use; the exchange of HBV infected fluids during these risky activities leads to hepatitis B infection. According to research, most people infected with hepatitis show no symptoms, they lead normal lives, however, many years of infection lead to a serious damage of the liver, which can lead to liver cancer and sometimes liver failure. Why Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem around the world; it has brought much suffering to the world population. According to research carried out by the World Health Organization, more than 350 million of 2 billin people infected with Hepatitis B are chronic carriers, and close to 15-40% of people infected with hepatitis B develop hepatocellular carcinoma, liver failure or cirrhosis (World Health Organization 98). The WHO report also reveals that HBV infections claim 0.5-1.2 million lives each year, and it is ranked 10th among the leading cause of death in the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma, a condition caused by hepatitis B infection, has increased around the world; it is ranked 5th among the most frequent cancers around the world, killing 0.3-0.5 million people each year. Many people around the world are at risk of hepatitis B infection; this is because according to WHO report, approximately 45% of the world population lives in chronic HBV prevalence areas, these areas include, the Pacific, especially Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are areas with many cases of chronic HBV infection and yet they are outside the high prevalence region; these areas include the Indian subcontinent, Middle East, the Amazon basin and the south of East and Central Europe (World Health Organization 102). The high prevalence areas have also recorded high rates of Hepatocellular carcinoma. These reports show that a large population in the world is at risk of contracting hepatitis B and other conditions related to it, and if the condition is not managed, the affected regions world expand, and the cases of death related to hepatitis B would increase. Eradication of Hepatitis B Good news is that hepatitis B is aa condition that can be eradicated; this is because there is hepatitis B vaccine, which is safe and effective in protecting uninfected people from HBV infection, as well as the advancement of cancer of the liver (World Health Organization par 13). This means that those with chronic HBV infections can also live a normal life because the treatment can prevent further liver damage, and with early detection of cancer related to hepatitis B, patients can successfully be treated. How to Eradicate Hepatitis B Nations that have high cases of hepatitis B should have programs such as immunization and vaccine programs to prevent the uninfected from being infected, this might include immunization after birth to prevent mother-child transmission and other forms of transmissions (Kukka 2). The international community should support countries affected by poverty by helping them strengthen their health delivery systems; this would ensure safe delivery of vaccines, thus preventing hepatitis B infections (World Health Organization par 6). All nations around the world, especially those with high cases of hepatitis B should create public awareness program on the importance of hepatitis B testing and screening for liver cancer; this would encourage testing. Early detection of hepatitis B and liver cancer would help patients, and the health practitioners to manage the disease, and reduce further infection among the population. These programs would help reduce the spread to uninfected areas and slowly el iminate the disease from regions with high rates on infection. Buy custom Hepatitis B essay

Just Make it Legal essays

Just Make it Legal essays Hey man, lets go smoke a blunt. We are just too cool. Those words come out of so many teenage mouths. Marijuana also known as weed, Mary Jane, pot, hash, chronic, cannabis etc. is a common drug used among teens. Ever since marijuana was prohibited in the United States, use of the drug has skyrocketed. Not to mention that drug-related crime rates have also escalated. More often than not, marijuana is being used by kids who assume that its cool to be bad. So if we were to legalize pot, wouldnt that lead to a lower usage rate and lower crime rates? "Because drugs are so surrounded by taboos, they invite rebellious behavior. Written in 1993 by the best-selling natural health author Andrew Weil, M.D., this quote is so sad yet true. Being deviant to societys norms is considered to be cool or respectable among young kids and teens. Unfortunately, our society's attempt to control drug-taking by making some substances illegal plays into the hands of rebellious children. When prohibition of marijuana was introduced there was a common assumption that the laws discourage marijuana use. But there is evidence that marijuana prohibition does not deter use, as very few people who do not use marijuana base their decision on a fear of being caught. Studies show that the percentage of those born between 1919 and 1929 that reports having tried marijuana before age 21 was only 0.4%. This number has unfortunately been increasing throughout the century: The rate for those born between 1966 and 1970 was 51.4%. (www.mpp.org). In a 1996 Washington Post article, "Marijuana Users' Air of Defiance," quoted several local students' opinions that marijuana is "cool" and that pot smokers get "respect." A National Council on Crime and Delinquency publication notes that children "are sometimes attracted to drugs because they are illegal." ( www.mpp.org). ...

Arm Crank Ergometry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arm Crank Ergometry - Assignment Example Previous studies have considered issues linked to exercise efficiency. This line of enquiry provides important information associated with the relationship between the energy required to achieve a given amount of external work. In the context of a competitive athlete or a patient in a clinical setting, exercise efficiency provides a useful insight into functional capacity. When presented in either gross or net terms, exercise efficiency has been shown to increase in line with workload during both cycling and ACE. Several studies have also demonstrated there to be a clear interaction between crank rate and workload with respect to oxygen consumption during cycling and ACE. Additionally, previous studies have considered exercise efficiency in a number of different ways, including the calculation of gross, net, and delta values. Powers et al. (1984) showed that VO2 during ACE increased in line with crank rate. At workloads of 15 and 30W, VO2 was lower and exercise efficiency was higher, using crank rate of 50 and 70 rev.min-1 compared to 90 rev.min-1. Furthermore, when the workloads were increased to 45 and 60W, exercise efficiency remained higher using 50 compared to 90 rev.min-1. ... Furthermore Smith et al. showed that while variations in crank rate (50, 70 and 90 rev.min-1) influenced measures of exercise efficiency a relatively low workloads (30 to 70w) during ACE, these discrepancies did not exist at 90w. These data are interesting as they question the previously reported interaction between crank rate, workload and exercise efficiency. The purpose of this practical will be to further investigate 1) if exercise efficiency parameters change in line with variations in crank rate and 2) to determine whether or mechanical efficiency varies according to the external workload being achieved. In these respects, values of gross, net and work efficiency will be considered. RESULTS. The results of the experiment are summarised in the table 1 in the Annex. You can see that the index FE02 (fractional concentration of oxygen in expired air) was varied in the range between 16.2 and 18.5 ml O2/kg/min (range is 2.3 ml O2/kg/min). Consequently the mean of 35 measurements was equal to 17.1 and its standard error is 0.09. The variance of FE02 gross value was 0.34 and standard deviation - 0.56. The distribution of the sample was asymmetric and not normal (skewness is 0.72 and kurtosis 0.29). The values of median, lower and upper quartile were equal to 17.0, 16.7 and 17.4 correspondingly. The mean value of FECO2 (fractional concentration of CO2-exhaled) was equal to 3.660.08 while the variance and standard deviation was 0.24 and 0.49 respectively. The median of the index was 3.73 and the first (lowest) and third (upper) quartiles were equal to 3.45 and 3.98 while the minimum and maximum were 2.52 and 4.44 (range is 1.92 ml CO2/kg/min). The skewness and kurtosis were not equal to zero thus the distribution was not symmetric. The data

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Art - Essay Example The social protest was unique to each of their respective countries. David’s Oath of the Horatii looks like a scene out of Roman history. Three young Romans swear allegiance to Rome and their family in this portrait. The crying women represent Horatii women that are either sister to the enemy or engaged to the enemy. The men act on their allegiance alone, while the women listen to their heart. This painting was completed several years before the French Revolution, but the painting was a protest of the politics of the time. Aristocrats were blindly following the French monarchy, but businessmen and the poor were acting on their hearts. Blind loyalty only leads to destruction, just like the soldiers and just like the French monarch. Hogarth’s Rake’s Progress is a series of eight paintings. The titles are The Heir, The Levee, The Orgy, The Arrest, The Marriage, The Gaming House, The Prison, and The Madhouse. Each one of these paintings tells a story about the heir. He takes his inheritance and squanders it away. Eventually the heir ends up in the asylum. The moral of the story is if a man does not work and earn their money it is not as valued. Inherited money is easily squandered. Once the heir was led astray with an abundance of money, his life went downhill due to the vices money can buy. If he would have earned his money, maybe he would not have so easily parted with it. The similarities between David’s Oath of the Horatii and Hogarth’s Rake’s Progress are the presence of classes and a message against the wealthy. A ruling class, lower class, military class, man class, and women class were present in both of these men’s works. While David might not have shown the classes side by side, or only a man and women class, the implied classes were present. Hogarth painted different classes and even contrasted them. For example, the madmen at the asylum and the woman dressed in high fashion showed the contrast

Article summary The Impact of Corruption on Liquidity, Execution Risk,

Summary The Impact of Corruption on Liquidity, Execution Risk, and Foreign Equity Investments in International Capital Markets - Article Example While the article suggest that the well-functioning of a financial enterprise is only possible with the reliability of sustainable market conditions and crystal clear transparency of transactions. Many authors like Shleifer and Eleswarapu consider financial business confronts several conditions that pose dangerous threat to liquidity; most of them are centered to corruption, government involvement in the financial sector and malpractices due to poor management. This study is an improvement to various findings mentioned in the previous literature of many economists but they were initially limited macroeconomics or firm-level corporate finance studies without consideration of the impact of t the constraints as a relationship with international financial crises. The authors summarize the impact of corruption into three ways; possible reduction in foreign portfolio investment inflow, negative coefficient on the non linear for on equity investment and in some contexts, inconsistent behavior of foreign investment foreign investment in countries with different levels of corruption. The elaboration of the research element is divided by the authors in to six segments like relevant literature, hypothesis, data selection, empirical methodology, empirical results and the conclusion. Earlier literatures notify the significant reduction in market investment as a direct co-efficient to increased level of corruption. State level political corruption is identified as the deed of government of a country misallocating or selling state capital funds and property to private parties. As per the transparency index, for a complete fall in the equity, it was calculated that one-third effect of corruption was enough. Therefore, countries like Hong Kong and Singapore have set up agencies acting against corruption whereby they secured better inflow. However, corruption takes a positive note as it saves the time and